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Thermodynamics

Principle of pressure increase in pumps by means of rotating impeller

Flow work in open systems

The work which is required to maintain the flow against the different static pressures between inlet and outlet of an open system is referred to as flow work. Introduction Many thermodynamic processes take...
Lifting a weight while heat is supplied / lowering a weight while heat is removed

Reversibility of thermodynamic processes (entropy)

In thermodynamics, reversible processes are processes which are reversible from an energetic point of view! Introduction The free adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas in a vacuum showed that this thermodynamic process cannot...
Increase in the distance between molecules during an expansion (Joule-Thomson effect)

What is the Joule-Thomson effect?

The Joule-Thomson effect describes the decrease in temperature of real gases when they expand against a lower pressure! In the article Free expansion of an ideal gas in a vacuum it was...
Adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas against a vacuum (final state)

Free adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas in a vacuum

The expansion of an ideal gas against a vacuum in an adiabatic system is an isothermal process! In the article on the isentropic process it was already indicated that the often used...
Expansion of a gas in an adiabatic system with and without dissipation of energy (friction)

Dissipative thermodynamic processes in adiabatic systems

In this article, learn more about dissipative thermodynamic processes using the polytropic equations. Work performed in adiabatic systems Many thermodynamic processes take place within very short times, such as the expansion of the...
Polytropic processes in a volume-pressure diagram

Polytropic process in a closed system

Learn more about polytropic thermodynamic processes in closed systems in this article. Particular processes shown in a volume-pressure diagram The figure below shows the course of the pressure as a function of the...
Summary of formulas and equations of polytropic processes

Derivation of the formulas for work and heat of a polytropic process

In this article you will learn more about the derivation of the formulas for calculating work, heat and change of internal energy for polytropic processes. Polytropic equations In the article Polytropic Process in...

Derivation of the formulas of the isentropic “adiabatic” process

In this article, learn more about the derivation of the formulas and equations describing the isentropic (adiabatic) process. Basic equations For the derivation of the equations describing the isentropic process, the first law...
Rapid changes of state in the cylinder of a combustion engine as an example of an approximate isentropic process

Isentropic (“adiabatic”) process in a closed system

An isentropic process is a reversible process of an adiabatic system. Definition Whereas in an isochoric process no pressure-volume work is done by the system or on the system (Wv=0) and in an...
Isothermal compression of the air in an air pump

Isothermal process in a closed system

In this article, learn more about the calculation of pressure, volume, work and heat in an isothermal process in a closed system. A change of state of a gas in which the...
Isobaric process by heating a gas-filled cylinder (constant pressure)

Isobaric process in a closed system

In this article, learn more about the calculation of volume, temperature, work, and heat in an isobaric process in a closed system. A change of state of a gas in which the...
Isochoric process by heating a gas bottle (constant volume)

Isochoric process in a closed system

In this article, learn more about the calculation of pressure, temperature, work and heat in an isochoric process in a closed system. A change of state of a gas in which the...
Phase diagram describing liquefaction of a real gas using carbon dioxide as an example

Explanation of liquefaction using the Van der Waals equation

In this article, learn how the Van der Waals equation can be used to explain the liquefaction of gases at high pressures. Van der Waals equation The ideal gas law describes the behavior...
Dissipation of energy by friction using the example of a toy car in a roller coaster

What is meant by dissipation of energy?

Dissipation is the (partial) conversion of a certain form of energy into thermal energy that cannot be fully converted back into the original form of energy. Definition Dissipation of energy means that when...
Conversion of heat into work

Concept of pressure-volume work (displacement work)

The pressure-volume work (displacement work) is the work don on the gas or by the gas due to the acting gas pressure during a change in volume. Heat engines and heat pumps Gases...
Energy flow diagram considering friction (dissipative process)

Dissipation of energy in closed systems

Learn in this article why, in thermodynamic processes with dissipation of energy, the pressure-volume work of the gas does not correspond to the work done by the system. Pressure-volume work (displacement work) In...
Considering a small change in volume at nearly constant pressure

Derivation of the pressure-volume work (displacement work)

Learn in this article why the area under the curve in a volume-pressure diagram corresponds to the pressure-volume work (displacement work). In the article concept of pressure-volume work, it was said without...
Soft drink cooling with ice cubes

Cooling drinks with ice cubes (Derivation and calculation with formula)

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Learn more about calculating the final temperature of a drink when cooling with ice cubes in this article. Introduction (Excel spreadsheet for calculation) If you want to cool a warm drink relatively quickly...
Why does water boil at high altitudes at lower temperatures?

Why does water boil faster at high altitudes?

Due to the lower pressure, the boiling point of water decreases and the water boils earlier at high altitudes. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nf8w-SeFDM Cooking on Mount Everest With increasing altitude above sea level, the air pressure decreases...
Experiment demonstrating the temperature increase during compression (adiabatic process)

Why do pressure and temperature increase during the compression of a gas?

The energy added as work during the compression of a gas leads to an increase in pressure and temperature. Learn more about this in this article. While an increase in temperature due...
Comparison of volume between liquid water and gaseous water (water vapor)

Difference between latent heat of vaporization and enthalpy of vaporization

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For isobaric vaporization, the added heat of vaporization (process quantity) leads to a change in the enthalpy of the substance (state variable). Increase in volume during vaporization In the article Specific latent heat...
Sprinkling a grapevine with water as frost protection

Vineyard Frost Protection (sprinkling with water)

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With sprinklers for frost protection, the crop stays protected from low temperatures by the heat of solidification released when the water freezes. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bh43jUpB_F4 If growing fruits are exposed to sub-zero temperatures (frost) on...
Heat of condensation released during condensation of steam (water vapor) leads to severe burns

Why steam burns are more dangerous than water burns?

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Steam burns are more dangerous than water burns because more heat is transferred due to the additional release of latent heat of condensation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bh43jUpB_F4 To vaporize a liquid, energy as heat must be...
Extinguishing fire with water using a fire extinguisher

Why does water extinguish fire?

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By absorbing a very large amount of heat during vaporization, water draws energy from the fire site and thus cools it down until the fire goes out! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bh43jUpB_F4 The simple answer to this...
Supply of heat of fusion during melting and dissipation of heat of solidification during freezing

Specific latent heat of solidification (enthalpy of solidification)

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Specific heat of solidification is the heat energy to be released for solidification of a liquid per kilogram of the substance! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bh43jUpB_F4 Melting and solidification In the article on specific latent heat of fusion,...
Melting metal

Specific latent heat of fusion (enthalpy of fusion)

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The specific latent heat of fusion (enthalpy of fusion) is the amount of heat required to melt a solid substance! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bh43jUpB_F4 Process of melting If a solid is heated more and more, then at...
Vaporization and condensation using the example of boiling water on a hotplate

Specific latent heat of condensation

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Specific heat of condensation is the heat energy to be released for condensation of a gas per kilogram of the substance! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bh43jUpB_F4 Vaporization and condensation In the article on specific latent heat of vaporization,...
Vaporization of water in a pot on a hotplate

Specific latent heat of vaporization

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The specific latent heat of vaporization (enthalpy of vaporization) is the amount of heat required to vaporize a liquid substance! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bh43jUpB_F4 Process of vaporization If a liquid is heated more and more, then at...
Taking into account the attractive force between the molecules

Van der Waals equation (gas law for real gases)

The Van der Waals equation describes the relationship between pressure, volume and temperature for real gases. Ideal gas law In thermodynamic processes, gases are often considered as ideal gases for simplicity. Depending on...
Temperature as a function of time during melting

Why does the temperature remain constant during a change of state (phase transition)?

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During a change of the state of matter, the supplied energy is not used to increase the kinetic energy of the molecules, but to change the binding energies. Therefore, the temperature...
Final temperature when mixing two liquids

Final temperature of mixtures (Richmann’s law)

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Richmann's law of mixtures describes the final temperature resulting in thermodynamic equilibrium when two bodies with different initial temperatures are brought into contact. https://youtu.be/6tue9N7M1vU Adiabatic mixing If two bodies with different initial temperatures are...
Heating a pot of water with a sausage in it

Heating and cooling of several objects

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Learn more about calculating the final temperature of several objects with different temperatures in this article. Heating of several objects In practice, when heating or cooling objects, one usually has to deal with...
Heat capacity of a stove made of different materials

Heat capacity of objects

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Heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object by 1 Kelvin (1 °C). Learn more about it in this article. Specific heat capacity of substances The...
Calorimeter for determining the specific heat capacity of liquids (calorimetry)

Calorimeter to determine the specific heat capacities of liquids

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Calorimetry deals with the measurement of heat energy.These measurements are based on temperature changes, which are used to determine the amount of heat involved. Test setup The experimental setups used in calorimetry are...
Heating of a gas at constant volume (left) and constant pressure (right)

Specific heat capacity of gases (at constant volume or pressure)

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Due to compressibility of gases, a distinction must be made between the isobaric and the isochoric specific heat capacity. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JZOK2hcQok Differentiation between isochoric and isobaric heat transfer Unlike liquids or solids, gases are special...
Specific heat capacity of water/ice/vapor as a function of temperature

Specific heat capacity of water

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The specific heat capacity of water depends on the temperature and is strongly dependent on the state of matter. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JZOK2hcQok The specific heat capacity is not a material constant for a substance, but...
Heat capacity of selected substances

Specific heat capacity of selected substances

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In this article, learn more about the specific heat capacity of different materials and how it affects the change in temperature over time during a heat transfer. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JZOK2hcQok Definition of the specific heat...
Reducing the temperature of water by releasing energy as heat to ice cubes

Important remarks on the specific heat capacity

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JZOK2hcQok Definition of the specific heat capacity The specific heat capacity c describes the relationship between a transfer of heat Q and the associated temperature change ΔT of a substance of mass m: begin{align}label{q}&...
Setup for the experimental determination of the specific heat capacity of water

Specific heat capacity (derivation and definition)

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The specific heat capacity indicates how much heat must be absorbed by a substance of mass 1 kg in order to increase its temperature by 1 K (1 °C). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JZOK2hcQok Introduction The temperature of...
Increasing the air temperature by doing work on the gas while inflating a bicycle tire with an air pump

Internal energy of ideal gases

In ideal gases, the change in internal energy is directly related to the change in temperature. Learn more about the relationships in this article. Simplified assumptions for ideal gases In thermodynamics, gases play...
Experiment to investigate the relationship between change of internal energy and temperature change in ideal gases

Calculation of the internal energy for ideal gases

Learn more about calculating the internal energy for ideal gases in this article. First law of thermodynamics In the article Internal energy of ideal gases it was explained in detail that in ideal...
Experiment to investigate the relationship between temperature and volume at constant pressure

Law of Gay-Lussac for ideal gases (Charles’s law)

The law of Gay-Lussac describes the relationship between an increase in temperature and the resulting increase in volume at constant pressure (isobaric process). Isobaric process If a thermodynamic process takes place at constant...
Experiment to investigate the relationship between pressure and temperature at constant volume

Law of Amontons for ideal gases

The law of Amontons describes the relationship between an increase in temperature and the resulting increase in pressure at constant volume (isochoric process). Isochoric process If a thermodynamic process takes place at constant...
Experiment to investigate the relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature

Law of Boyle-Mariotte for ideal gases

The law of Boyle-Mariotte describes the relationship between a decrease in volume and the resulting increase in pressure at constant temperature (isothermal process). Isothermal process If a thermodynamic process takes place at constant...
Thermal stratification of a lake in summer

Why does ice form on the top of a lake?

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Learn in this article why ice form always on top of a lake in winter. The negative thermal expansion of water (density anomaly) has an existential importance for life on earth. More...
Forestville (Canada) and Karlsruhe (Germany) at 49° North

Gulf Stream & global ocean conveyor belt

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The Gulf Stream is an ocean current in the Atlantic Ocean which, as part of the earth's global conveyor belt, has a decisive influence on the climate in Northern and Western...

Difference between thermal conductivity, diffusivity, transmittance, resistance and heat transfer coefficient

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Learn more in this article about the differences and importance of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, heat transfer coefficient, thermal transmittance and thermal resistance, etc. Thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity (lambda) describes the heat transfer...
Convection current for radiators placed below a window

Why are radiators usually located under a window?

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Learn in this article, why radiators are usually located under a window? Central heating systems use the principle of thermal convection. The water is heated by a central heater and then transferred...
Momentum transfer as the cause of viscosity in ideal gases

Viscosity of an ideal gas

The viscosity of ideal gases is mainly based on the momentum transfer due to diffusion between the fluid layers. Definition of viscosity In the article Viscosity, the cause of viscosity was mainly attributed...
Hydrodynamic, thermal and concentration boundary layer

Dimensionless numbers of the boundary layers (Prandtl, Schmidt and Lewis number)

To describe the heat and mass transport, dimensionless numbers are introduced to describe the processes within the boundary layers. Between a flowing fluid and a solid surface, different boundary layers are formed,...
Definition of the thermal boundary layer (temperature boundary layer)

Thermal and concentration boundary layer

In addition to the hydrodynamic boundary layer, the thermal boundary layer and the concentration boundary layer also have a decisive influence on the entire heat and mass transport in a flow. Temperature...
Convective heat transfer between a heated pipe and a fluid flowing through it

Prandtl number

The Prandtl number is a dimensionless similarity parameter to describe the transport of heat and momentum. Definition In the article on the different boundary layers, the importance of these boundary layers with respect...
Lewis number as a measure for the ratio of the thickness of the thermal boundary layer and the concentration boundary layer

Lewis number

The Lewis number is a dimensionless similarity parameter to describe heat and mass transport. The Lewis number always comes into play when a flowing fluid is transferring both heat by conduction and...
Convective heat transfer at a flat plate with laminar-turbulent flow

Calculation of the Nusselt numbers for forced flows over plates and in pipes

In this article you will find formulas for calculating the local and average Nusselt numbers for forced flows over plates and in pipes with circular cross sections. Nusselt number The definition and importance...
Definition of the heat transfer coefficient for convective heat transport

Heat transfer coefficient for thermal convection

The heat transfer coefficient describes the convective heat transfer from a solid to a flowing fluid and vice versa! Introduction The heat transfer coefficient describes the convective heat transfer from a solid to...
Definition of the hydrodynamic boundary layer (velocity boundary layer)

Hydrodynamic boundary layer

The hydrodynamic boundary layer of a flow has a decisive influence on heat and mass transport. Introduction In this article we take a closer look at the boundary layers between a solid surface...
Influence of the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer on convective heat transfer

Nusselt number to describe convective heat transfer

The Nusselt number is a dimensionless similarity parameter to describe convective heat transfer, independent of the size of the system. Introduction Convective heat transfer describes the heat transport between a solid surface and...
Temperature profile through the wall of a cylindrical pipe

Temperature profiles and heat flows through different geometries

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In this article we discuss temperature curves and heat flows through a plane wall, through a cylindrical pipe and through a hollow sphere. Introduction Temperature differences cause heat flows. These heat flows, in...
Principle of thermal conduction in solids by oscillation of the atoms

Thermal conduction in solids and ideal gases

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The thermal conductivity in crystalline, non-metallic solids first increases and then decreases again with increasing temperature. Phonons: Quasiparticles of the lattice vibrations Thermal conduction refers to the transfer of thermal energy through a...
Illustration of the photon gas in a cavity acting as a blackbody

Thermodynamic derivation of the Stefan-Boltzmann Law

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In this article the Stefan-Boltzmann-Law is to be derived using the laws of thermodynamics. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oo-A0uGeUlE Introduction In this article, the Stefan-Boltzmann Law is to be derived with the laws of thermodynamics. In order to...
Radiation of a black body into half-space

Different forms of Planck’s law

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Planck's law of radiation can be expressed in different forms. The most important ones are discussed in this article. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxDgEUsgAIs Introduction Planck's law of radiation describes the radiation emitted by black bodies. However, there...
Spectral distribution of the intensity of the radiation of a blackbody (Planck spectrum)

Planck’s law and Wien’s displacement law

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Planck's law describes the radiation emitted by black bodies and Wien's displacement law the maximum of the spectral intensity of this radiation. https://youtu.be/lKoMK30GVrY Blackbody radiation The emitted wavelength spectrum of a blackbody as shown...
Design of a Laser-Flash-Analyzer (LFA) for the determination of thermal diffusivity conductivity

Laser-Flash method for determining thermal conductivity (LFA)

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With the Laser-Flash method (Laser Flash Analyser, LFA), the thermal conductivity is determined by the temperature rise in a test sample that is heated by a short laser pulse from one...
Determination of thermal conductivity with the Transient Hot Wire method (HTW)

Transient-Hot-Wire method method for determining thermal conductivity (THW)

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With the Transient-Hot-Wire method (THW), the thermal conductivity is determined by the change in temperature over time at a certain distance from a heating wire. Design With the transient-hot-wire method, the thermal conductivity...
Design of a Heat-Flow-Meter for determining thermal conductivity (HFM method)

Heat-Flow-Meter method for determining thermal conductivity (HFM)

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With the Heat-Flow-Meter method (HFM) the thermal conductivity is determined by comparative measurement of the heat flow using a reference sample. Thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity is a measure of how well or poorly...
Design of a measuring device for the determination of thermal conductivity according to the Guarded-Hot-Plate Method (GHP)

Guarded-Hot-Plate method for determining thermal conductivity (GHP)

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With the Guarded-Hot-Plate method (GHP) the thermal conductivity is determined by the electrical power output of a hot plate with guided heat conduction. Thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity is a measure of how well...
Temperature distribution along a heated thin rod

Derivation of heat equation (diffusion equation)

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The heat equation describes the temporal and spatial behavior of temperature for heat transport by thermal conduction. Derivation of the heat equation We first consider the one-dimensional case of heat conduction. This can...
Mean free path and mean speed of molecules in a gas

Thermal conductivity of gases

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The thermal conductivity of ideal gases is not dependent on pressure for gases that are not too strongly diluted. This is no longer the case for gases with low pressure. Introduction In the...
Experimental setup for the measurement of thermal conductivity

Experimental setup for determining thermal conductivity

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In this article you can learn more about the experimental determination of the thermal conductivity of materials using steam and ice. Thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity is a measure of how well or poorly...
Assembly of a building wall to calculate the U-value

Thermal transmittance (U-value)

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The thermal transmittance (U-value or U-factor) describes the heat transfer through a solid object, which is located between two fluids (gas or liquid) with different temperatures. Definition and unit of the U-value The...
Design and principle of a thermos (vacuum flask), how does work

How does a thermos work? Design of a vacuum flask!

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Learn more about the structure of a vacuum flask and how a thermos works in this article! The reason why hot tea or coffee stays warm for so long in a thermos...
Sun as a blackbody with a surface temperature of 5778 K

Heat transfer by thermal radiation

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With thermal radiation, heat is transferred by electromagnetic waves without the presence of a substance! The mechanisms of thermal convection and thermal conduction explained in separate articles have one thing in common:...
Heat transfer using the example of a central heating system

Heat transfer by thermal convection

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With heat transfer by thermal convection, heat is transported with a flowing substance. Convection only occurs in fluids, i.e. gases and liquids. Introduction One possibility of heat transfer is that hot substances flow...
Experiment to demonstrate heat transport by thermal conduction

Heat transfer by thermal conduction

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Heat transfer by thermal conduction means that heat is conducted through a material. Heat energy is transferred from molecule to molecule at the atomic level. Introduction The principle of thermal convection can basically...
Heat flow from a hot object to a cooler one

Rate of heat flow: Definition and direction

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The rate of heat flow refers to the heat energy transferred per unit of time (heat output). The drive for the heat flow is a temperature difference. Direction of the heat flow If...
Thermal conduction through a house wall

Thermal conductivity (Fourier’s law)

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Thermal conductivity is a measure of how well or poorly a material conducts heat energy (measure of the strength of heat conduction)! Thermal conduction In general, heat can be transferred in three different...
Mixing temperature when pouring cold milk into a cup of hot coffee

Heat and thermodynamic equilibrium

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In thermodynamics, heat is the transport of energy due to a temperature difference. Heat in this respect is never "contained" in an object! Equalization of temperature of two substances Everyday experience shows that...
Thermal image of a cup with hot tea and a building

Heat transfer (heat transport)

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Heat transfer is the transport of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object. A distinction is made between convection, conduction and radiation. Example 1: Building The figure below shows a...
Operating principle of a heat pump (conversion of work into heat)

The process quantities: Heat and work

Work and heat are process quantities that describe the process of a supply of energy ("energy in transit")! Learn more about it in this article. Work and heat transferred to a substance Energy...
Energy transfer done on a gas by heat and work (compression)

Internal energy & first law of thermodynamics

Internal energy is the sum of the different forms of energy on a microscopic level inside a substance. Learn more about it in this article. Energy transfer as heat and as work In...
Turbofan engine of an airplane

Thermodynamic systems

A thermodynamic system is a confined space of matter (e.g. gas) within which thermodynamic processes take place. The system boundary separates the system from the environment. Definition of the term thermodynamic system In...
Visible radiation of a light bulb

Stefan-Boltzmann law & Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation

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The Stefan-Boltzmann law states that the radiant power of an object in thermal equilibrium is proportional to the fourth power of temperature and directly proportional to its surface! https://youtu.be/U67D8q88UDA Introduction In the article Blackbody...
Degrees of freedom of a molecule

Internal energy & heat capacity of ideal gases (kinetic theory of gases)

In this article, learn more about the relationship between internal energy and heat capacity in connection with the kinetic theory of gases. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9i8YfBu30w Internal energy In the article equipartition theorem it has already been...
Mean free path of a molecule in a gas

Mean free path & collision frequency (derivation)

The mean free path is the average distance a particle travels without colliding with other particles! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=56JxrWySbvg Introduction In the article Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution it was shown that the mean speed (average speed) of the...
Balls on a vibrating plate

Derivation of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function

The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function of the molecular speed of ideal gases can be derived from the barometric formula. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPiWzK9I-RI Introduction For ideal gases, the distribution function f(v) of the speeds has already been explained...
Pressure distribution during compression of a gas

Equipartition theorem

The equipartition theorem states that the kinetic energy of the gas molecules is equally divided along all three spatial directions! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxFbzgYe9cM Equipartition theorem In the article Pressure and temperature the following equation was derived...
Cylinder with a movable piston

Ideal gas law (explained and derived)

The ideal gas law describes the relationship between pressure, volume, mass and temperature of ideal gases. Parameters influencing the gas pressure The figure below shows a gas-filled cylinder closed with a piston. If...
Thermographic image of a car

How does a thermal imaging camera work?

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Thermal imaging cameras are based on the same principle as the pyrometer. These cameras capture the radiation spectrum of an object, which then allows conclusions to be drawn about the temperature...
Infrared thermometer (Pyrometer)

How does a infrared thermometer (pyrometer) work?

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Pyrometers (infrared thermometers) use the heat radiation of objects invisible to the human eye to determine the temperature! The thermometers presented in the previous articles must directly touch the object from which...
Thermocouple

How does a thermocouple work?

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In this article we will deal with the design and operation of a thermocouple which is used to measure temperatures. https://youtu.be/y7efQiLkfkM Seebeck effect A thermocouple uses the phenomenon that a voltage is caused by...
Resistance thermometer (Pt100)

How does a resistance temperature detector (resistance thermometer) work?

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In resistance thermometers the dependence of the electrical resistance on the temperature is used to determine the temperature! https://youtu.be/L5I8_AcJ_nE Operating principle A further measuring principle for determining the temperature is the change in the...
Cut through a vapour filled thermometer (vapour-in-metal thermometer)

How does a vapor pressure thermometer (vapor-in-metal) work?

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Vapor pressure thermometers use the temperature-dependent vapor pressure of a liquid as the measuring principle. https://youtu.be/K6HYsY6fF8k The less popular vapour pressure thermometers work according to the same principle as liquid-in-metal thermometers or gas-in-metal...
Cut through a gas filled thermometer (gas-in-metal thermometer)

How does a gas filled thermometer (gas-in-metal) work?

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In gas thermometers, the pressure rise connected with a temperature increase is used for measuring the temperature! https://youtu.be/aYpHDEhvzLo In gas filled temperature gauges (also called gas thermometers or gas-in-metal thermometers), a gas is...
Cut through a liquid filled thermometer (liquid-in-metal thermometer)

How does a liquid filled thermometer (liquid-in-metal) work?

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Liquid-in-metal thermometers use the pressure rise of a liquid that comes along with an increase in temperature, if the volume is kept constant! https://youtu.be/Q7YNHcrrg2o In liquid-in-metal thermometers (also referred to as liquid filled...
Bimetal thermometer (spiral type)

How does a bimetallic strip thermometer work?

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In bimetallic strip thermometers the different rates of expansion of metals when heated is used to measure the temperature! https://youtu.be/RFWj7L05Yxo Operating principle Temperatures can be meassured based on the principle of different thermal expansion...
Principle of temperature measurement with a liquid-in-glass-thermometer

How does a liquid-in-glass thermometer work?

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In liquid-in-glass thermometers, the thermal expansion of liquids is used for measuring the temperature! https://youtu.be/4ZcQ1HQbQwo Operating principle Liquid-in-glass thermometers are based on the principle of thermal expansion of substances. A liquid in a glass...
Design of a velocity selector to determine the speed distribution in gases

Determination of the speed distribution in a gas

Learn more about experimentally determining the velocity distribution of molecules in gases in this article. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVcen-FWc-4 Introduction As already explained in the article Temperature and particle motion, the temperature of a gas is a...
Microscopic interpretation of the gas pressure

Pressure and temperature (kinetic theory of gases)

In this article, learn more about the relationship between pressure and temperature in connection with the kinetic theory of gases. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NYFD9LMV2A Introduction In order to connect the macroscopically observed state variables of a gas...
White glow of a blackbody at 6000 K

Blackbody radiation

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Blackbody radiation (cavity radiation) is the thermal radiation of a blackbody, i.e. a body that absorbs all incident radiation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Na-mFjyP8eU Blackbody When white light hits an opaque object, a certain part of that light...