Normalizing of steel (annealing)
The aim of normalizing is to achieve a uniform homogeneous microstructure with reproducible properties!
https://youtu.be/PJ2FKTHAo5s
As already explained in the chapter deformability of metals, fine roundish grains generally lead to better toughness and...
Recrystallization annealing of steel
The aim of recrystallisation annealing is to restore a deformed microstructure to improve its deformability!
https://youtu.be/PJ2FKTHAo5s
The microstructure of rolled, bent or deep-drawn workpieces is strongly deformed by the high forming forces. This...
Coarse-grain annealing of steel
The aim of coarse grain annealing is to improve machinability!
https://youtu.be/PJ2FKTHAo5s
In general a coarse-grained steel microstructure is undesirable due to the relatively low toughness and strength values. The only advantage of a...
Soft annealing of steel
The aim of soft annealing is to improve formability and machinability!
https://youtu.be/PJ2FKTHAo5s
Not every material has to be designed to withstand high mechanical forces. With a curved sheet metal with milled out slots,...
Case hardening (surface hardening)
With case hardening, low-carbon steels are first enriched with carbon in the surface layer (carburisation) and then quenched!
https://youtu.be/7UcNNuqKA6U
Case hardening
The toughness (ductility) of steels increases with decreasing carbon content, as then less...
Diffusion annealing of steel
The aim of diffusion annealing is to compensate for concentration differences!
https://youtu.be/PJ2FKTHAo5s
When steels with high alloy concentrations solidify, the alloying elements may not be distributed homogeneously in the microstructure or in the...
Induction hardening of steel (surface hardening)
With induction hardening, the workpiece is heated by induced eddy currents. The hardening depth is controlled by the frequency of the alternating current!
https://youtu.be/7UcNNuqKA6U
The flames during flame hardening generally lead to a...
Quenching and tempering of steel
The aim of quenching and tempering is to achieve a hard and wear-resistant surface or to increase the strength of a workpiece.
https://youtu.be/64qw1am8twE
Introduction
The heat treatments explained in the chapter on annealing processes...
Nitriding of steel (surface hardening)
Nitriding is not based on the formation of martensite but on the formation of hard and wear-resistant nitrides on the surface of the workpiece!
https://youtu.be/7UcNNuqKA6U
Surface hardening like flame hardening, induction hardening, laser...
Solution annealing of steel
The aim of solution annealing is to dissolve formed precipitates!
https://youtu.be/PJ2FKTHAo5s
During welding or hot forming, microstructural changes occur in the steel due to the influence of heat and uncontrolled cooling. This is...